Identification and expression analysis of the HvENOD93 gene family in barley北大核心CSCD

早期结瘤素93(ENOD93)蛋白在植物根瘤形成初期扮演着重要的角色.基于大麦基因组信息鉴定大麦ENOD93基因家族成员,分析其理化特性、进化关系、基因结构、蛋白质结构和启动子顺式作用元件;并分析ENOD93家族在不同组织和不同基因型(籽粒大小)的表达情况.结果显示,大麦ENOD93基因家族有16个成员,均含有ENOD93基因家族特有的保守结构域;编码区长度在207-627 bp之间,外显子数量有1-4个,平均2.75个,且大部分位于细胞膜上;进化树结果表明与水稻、小麦和玉米等禾本科植物ENOD93基因的亲缘关系较近;启动子顺式元件主要有植物生长发育响应元件、胁迫响应元件以及激素响应元件;大部分HvENOD93基因在灌浆期籽粒和大粒材料中表达量较高.推测大麦HvENOD93基因在籽粒大小形成中起关键性作用;另外,结合其他物种相关基因研究结果,共筛选出3个同源基因.(图4表2参45)     

50年来我国自然灾害变化对粮食产量的影响

根据我国近50年的粮食产量统计资料,分析了各个年代主要粮食作物产量与影响和促进粮食产量的因素(耕地资源、化肥施入量、农机动力、农用水资源、自然灾害)之间的关系,结果表明,自然灾害对我国粮食产量的影响极大,要确保我国粮食生产的安全,不仅需要有外部资源及投入,而且在粮食生产过程中要积极进行防灾减灾.     

涝洼农区畜牧业生产现状与发展对策—以监利县为例

分析了监测县涝洼农区发展节粮型畜牧业的有利条件和存在的问题，提出了充分利用本地自然资源，发展节粮型畜牧业的对策。     

西辽河不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征.结果表明,不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征圴符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式;黏粒级和粉粒级的磷饱和吸附量较大,分别为3791.12,2323.33mg/kg,分别相当于粗砂的6.68和4.09倍;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物吸附的磷是磷素循环的重要组成部分,西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒所携载的吸附态磷的理论入海通量分别为3791.12,2323.33mg/kg冲泻质泥沙.占沉积物磷吸附总量的28.30%.沉积物对磷的比表面积标化吸附分配系数与松结态腐殖质相关性最大,比表面积标化饱和吸附量与稳结态腐殖质相关性最大,在稳结态和紧结态腐殖质所形成的团聚体结构沉积物中存在孔隙填充方式的磷吸附.     

Current trends in the research on soil changes due to deforestation,burning and cultivation in the Brazilian tropics

The effects of large‐scale destruction of the tropical forest on soil characteristics are presented, with emphasis on the Amazon Basin. Human activities progressively modify natural equilibrium in soils and streams, especially in Brazil, where about 25 000 km² of virgin forest are annually removed. Of the soil uses, the installation of annual crops and pastures in previously clear‐cut and burned areas is the main subject of this paper.     

秸秆源黑炭还田对水稻土生产力和固碳的影响

为揭示秸秆源黑炭连续还田对太湖平原稻麦轮作农田土壤生产力和固碳作用的影响,设黑炭施加量为0(CK)、4.5和9.0t/hm23个处理,通过2a 4个完整稻麦轮作季的盆栽试验,研究了稻秆来源黑炭每季还田下的稻麦作物产量.养分吸收状况及土壤理化性质的变化. 结果显示,土壤w(TOC)(TOC为总有机碳)和w(全N)随黑炭施加量的增加而增加. 每季黑炭施加量为9.0t/hm2时,土壤w(TOC)和w(全N)可分别提高46.7%~113.0%和9.3%~28.3%. 黑炭施入土壤后能够提高稻麦作物地上部分生物量,籽粒产量增加11.4%~60.5%,秸秆产量增加15.0%~56.8%. 黑炭处理下稻麦作物体内N、P、K、Mg和Ca的累积量显著提高,这一现象与每季结束后土壤w(全N)以及土壤有效元素含量〔w(有效P)、w(有效K)、w(有效Mg)和w(有效Ca)〕的增加相吻合. 黑炭施入可显著提高土壤pH和CEC(阳离子交换量),尤其是黑炭施加量为9.0t/hm2时,pH最高可达6.79,CEC最高达到12.7cmol/kg. 连续三季施入黑炭后,土壤容重比不施黑炭处理降低8.0%~12.2%. 试验结果表明,秸秆来源黑炭施入太湖平原稻麦农田可起到固碳增汇、增加土壤碳库容量的作用,也能改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤生产力.      

工业区土壤和农产品镉污染状况及暴露评估

以某铅锌冶炼厂周边为研究区域,网格法采集30个表层(0～10 cm)土壤样品,对应采集46个粮食样品和69个蔬菜样品,用ICP-MS测定镉质量比。运用普通克里格法(Ordinary Krigging)预测研究区域内土壤镉质量比的空间分布,结合单因子污染指数评价土壤的镉污染级别。通过分析粮食和蔬菜的镉质量比,评估其食用安全性以及受调查居民镉的膳食暴露风险。结果表明:1)距离铅锌冶炼厂1 000m范围,或东南侧(下风向)3 000 m内土壤中镉质量比大于0.65mg.kg-1;2)研究区域土壤中镉单因子污染指数超过了警戒线(P≥1.0),个别区域受到严重污染(P=4.7);3)土壤与小麦籽粒镉质量比存在极显著正相关关系(r=0.889,p<0.01),粮食样品镉质量比超过限量标准(GB 2762—2005)的占52.2%,蔬菜样品为8.7%;4)仅以粮食和蔬菜摄入估计的THQ=0.79,对于普通人群来说,小麦、蔬菜和大豆摄入对每日镉摄入量的贡献率分别为85.1%、12.9%和2.0%。研究区域土壤2/3以上面积受到镉污染,土壤可能是小麦籽粒镉的来源之一。当地受调查人群若长期食用该地区种植的农产品,镉的膳食暴露风险在可接受的范围内,其中,小麦对镉摄入贡献最大。     

不同粒径沉积物对1,2,4,5-四氯苯的吸附/解吸特性

采用静态吸附实验,研究不同粒径沉积物的基本性质及其对1,2,4,5-四氯苯吸附/解吸性能的影响.结果表明,不同粒径沉积物所含天然有机质(NOM)质和量的不同,导致其对1,2,4,5-四氯苯吸附性能的不同.颗粒最细的沉积物因其主要结合聚合度较低的无定型腐殖物质,导致1,2,4,5-四氯苯吸附等温线的非线性程度最低,在沉积物上的吸附亲和力和吸附.解吸滞后现象也最弱.而颗粒最粗的沉积物因为含有一些煤炭和木炭等高比表面积的碳黑类物质,NOM聚合度较高,导致1,2,4,5-四氯苯吸附等温线的非线性程度最高,在沉积物上的吸附亲和力和吸附-解吸滞后现象也最强.而粒径中等的沉积物本身的性质和吸附性能介于颗粒最粗和最细的两种组分之间.     

基于农户视角的粮食主产县耕地健康评价与诊断--以湖南省湘阴县为例

耕地健康关乎国家粮食安全。依据PSR理论模型构建耕地健康评价指标体系,利用湖南省岳阳市湘阴县农户调查数据,运用层次分析法、TOPSIS法和障碍度模型评价了该县耕地健康状况并诊断其障碍因子。结果表明:湘阴县耕地健康综合指数为0.488,耕地健康等级为中度亚健康;耕地健康压力指数、状态指数和响应指数依次分别为0.597、0.526和0.418;轮作休耕、种植绿肥、单位播种面积有机肥施用量、粮食单产、耕作层厚度、单位播种面积化肥施用量、灌溉保证率是制约湘阴县耕地健康的主要障碍因子。     

Effects of connectivity and spatial resolution of analyses on conservation prioritization across large extents

The outcome of analyses that prioritize locations for conservation on the basis of distributions of species, land cover, or other elements is influenced by the spatial resolution of data used in the analyses. We explored the influence of data resolution on prioritization of Finnish forests with Zonation, a software program that ranks the priority of cells in a landscape for conservation. We used data on the distribution of different forest types that were aggregated to nine different resolutions ranging from 0.1 × 0.1 km to 25.6 × 25.6 km. We analyzed data at each resolution with two variants of Zonation that had different criteria for prioritization, with and without accounting for connectivity and with and without adjustment for the effect on the analysis of edges between areas at the project boundary and adjacent areas for which data do not exist. Spatial overlap of the 10% of cells ranked most highly when data were analyzed at different resolutions varied approximately from 15% to 60% and was greatest among analyses with similar resolutions. Inclusion of connectivity or edge adjustment changed the location of areas that were prioritized for conservation. Even though different locations received high priority for conservation in analyses with and without accounting for connectivity, accounting for connectivity did not reduce the representation of different forest types. Inclusion of connectivity influenced most the outcome of fine-resolution analyses because the connectivity extents that we based on dispersal distances of typical forest species were small. When we kept the area set aside for conservation constant, representation of the forest types increased as resolution increased. We do not think it is necessary to avoid use of high-resolution data in spatial conservation prioritization. Our results show that large extent, fine-resolution analyses are computationally feasible, and we suggest they can give more flexibility to implementation of well-connected reserve networks.